戰術運動員群體內維生素D狀態與憂鬱症之間關係 (下) | The relationship between vitamin D status and depression in a tactical athlete population
戰術運動員群體內維生素D狀態與憂鬱症之間關係
討論
這項回顧性橫向研究描述了維生素D缺乏症、憂鬱症和地理位置之間的顯著關聯。在納入分析的381,818筆紀錄中,共有3730筆包含維生素D缺乏症的診斷代碼。本研究發現,維生素D缺乏症的總體患病率(< 1%)明顯低於先前對軍事人員的研究;發表出的維生素D缺乏症的範圍在16%到30%之間[15, 16]。維生素D缺乏症診斷的患病率在男性、高階組和25-34歲年齡組中最高。由於本研究僅只審查診斷,因此無法確定接受維生素D狀態檢查的服役人員的實際數量。由於此限制,本研究中包括當中可能有更多人是缺乏維生素D,但從未接受過檢測或診斷。先前的研究指稱軍人中維生素缺乏症的患病率較高,當中的敘述包括了維生素 D 測試或獲取樣本維生素D狀態的研究方法 [15, 16]。此外,低流行率的部分原因可能歸因於測試和診斷方法的變化。在本次樣本中,維生素 D 缺乏症的診斷是從幾個不同的MTF中獲得的,這造成了對於不同設施的控制或設施政策變化的抵制能力。儘管在大多數醫療機構中檢測維生素D狀態已成為常見做法,但醫療服務提供者如何識別維生素D缺乏症患者的潛在差異可能導致漏報和誤診 [30]。
在憂鬱症診斷方面,發現在樣本中16,688條記錄包含一個或多個憂鬱症診斷代碼。雖然流行率很低,但憂鬱症的總體患病率(4.37%)與之前囊括軍事人員的研究結果程度相當。女性、應募入伍組和18-24歲年齡組的憂鬱症診斷率最高。這些結果並不令人驚訝,因為已有其他研究報告女性和年輕人口當中憂鬱症的患病率較高[3, 31]。其他研究估計美國軍人當中憂鬱症的患病差異率很大(從2%到37.4%)[3]。軍事樣本中憂鬱症患病率的差異可能與人群樣本、戰鬥暴露、報告方法或醫療提供者用於診斷憂鬱症的篩查工具類型差異有關[5]。在先前對創傷後壓力症候群 (PTSD)和憂鬱症干預計劃評估中就已經被注意到,如果提供醫療服務者未正確地完成臨床評估或轉診過程,可能就會遺漏憂鬱症診斷[32, 33]。此外,與確認維生素D狀態方法一樣,本研究設計性質阻礙了解樣本數內有多少人員接受憂鬱症篩查。雖然以問卷型態進行的憂鬱症篩查在軍隊中定期進行,但根據過往報告,除了管理失能外,憂鬱症的低流行率也可能與軍事人員在身體臨床評估期間不願認可症狀有關[32, 33]。
本研究報告的維生素D缺乏症診斷和憂鬱症診斷之間未經校正的關係,比起類似設計的基於人群的研究報告的未經校正的關係要強得許多(OR=5.84)[19, 34]。即使在控制了已知與憂鬱症相關的共變量,如地點、性別、年齡、職業類型、職業發展和醫療次數(OR=5.38)後,這種關係仍然顯著。研究樣本中沒有被診斷出維生素D缺乏症的人員,可能與軍隊中維生素D狀況篩查不一致有關,可能表示實際上有更多的憂鬱症診斷人員也具備缺乏維生素D狀態。如果是這樣的話,那麼維生素D缺乏症和憂鬱症之間的關係可能比本研究報告結果還要更加強烈。雖然受限於本研究的觀察性質,但維生素D缺乏症與憂鬱症之間的密切關係值得關注,因為早在其他幾項研究內就已經證明維生素D缺乏症與憂鬱症之間存在因果關係。Vieth等人[35]和Jorde等人[36]的研究個別指出補充維生素D分別提高了參與者的幸福感分數和憂鬱分數。這些發現可能與軍隊族群相關,因為維生素D缺乏症相對容易檢測得出,並可能讓其得以早期治療或預防心理健康狀況。
儘管這項研究在開始證實了維生素D與憂鬱症之間的密切關係,但在將患者就診次數作為共變量的分析中,這種關係顯得弱上許多。在加入就診次數和人口統計共變量後,維生素D與憂鬱症之間的校正關係(OR=1.22)與Ganji等人報告的校正結果(OR=1.85)非常相似[34]。由於本研究設計是無法確定因果關係,因此尚不清楚憂鬱症患者是否因診斷而有更多的醫療保健經歷,或者是否有更多醫療經歷個體更有可能被診斷出患有憂鬱症。Beghofer等人[37]得出的結論更指出,無法確定憂鬱症診斷是提高醫療保健利用率的風險因素,還是發病率增加的結果。
儘管維生素D缺乏症的總體患病率較低,但這項研究得出緯度和維生素D缺乏症百分比之間存在顯著線性關係(r2=0.92)。這點特別令人感到擔憂,因為暴露在紫外線下是產生維生素D的重要來源。先前研究也支持地理位置的差異,即使是緯度的1度差異,也會對維生素D狀態產生重大影響[38]。這些結果是有其意義的,因為美國軍事人員可能會在幾年內駐紮在紫外線照射不足的地理區域設施之中。然而,對這些結果的分析受到以下事實限制:本研究無法控制其他已知的維生素D狀態共變量,例如膚色、一年中的季節、天氣、防曬霜的使用、體重指數(BMI)和維生素D攝入量。儘管如此,這些發現是進一步地提倡進行標準化的維生素D測試,特別是對於駐紮在北緯地區的服務人員,因為維生素D缺乏可能與憂鬱症有關。
與維生素D缺乏與緯度之間的正向關係相反,本研究並未發現憂鬱與緯度之間存在顯著關係。研究發現位於德州基林的MTF憂鬱率最高,位於紐約沃特敦的 MTF則為最低。這可能表示了與工作相關的壓力、戰鬥暴露、軍事職業專業和部署次數等其他因素會影響此關係,而與地理位置無關[39]。此外,已知與憂鬱症相關的其他人口統計學因素可能與憂鬱症相關性比地理位置更為強烈,但並未在本研究中進行控制。
結論
維生素D缺乏症是一個世界性問題,已知的健康影響也越來越多。這項研究表示被診斷為維生素D缺乏症的現役軍人更有可能被診斷出憂鬱症。儘管需要進一步的研究來支持這種關係,但這可能突顯了維生素D測試作為憂鬱症額外篩查方法的可用性。將維生素D測試與現今篩查工具相結合,可能是一種更好的方法來捕獲不願就心理健康狀況尋求護理協助的服役人員。對於駐紮在北緯地區的服務人員來說更是如此,因為他們患抑鬱症的風險更高。進行維生素D測試和診斷的標準化政策可能有助於提高服役人員被診斷為維生素D缺乏症並儘早可接受心理健康干預政策的可能性。
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原文來源 : https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-019-0308-5
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